Essay on Bullying and Its Negative Effects - 2940 Words

Many kids all around the world are abused by their parents, peers or even by complete strangers. One of these types of abuse is bullying. At a first glance, we might think that it is an older kid beating/teasing a younger classmate however; bullying consists of much more than this. The basic definition of bullying is when your behavior hurts or harms another person physically or emotionally. There are many different types of bullying, which may lead to a victim becoming violent later on. There is teasing and name calling, there is also picking and shoving the kid. However, the most extreme one would be beating up the child, hurting them physically and mainly, emotionally. Now you may ask, how does bullying affect victims? Well, studies†¦show more content†¦In all, if a child is abused in any sort of way, bullied or even teased, they are more certainly to continue their lives within that path, negativity, surrounding their environment with hatred and unconsciousness of love a nd acceptance. We never know what is going through a child’s mind when being a witness of abuse, especially when they are young. When a child grows up at such horrid environment, theyre view in life changes automatically making them believe that this is the way of life. As these abused children get older, they do not know how to control what they feel in the inside and end up expressing it by taking their anger out on others, simply because that’s what they have â€Å"learned† in life†. â€Å"Abused children cannot express emotions safely. As a result, the emotions get stuffed down, coming out in unexpected ways. Adult survivors of child abuse can struggle with unexplained anxiety, depression, or anger† (Child Abuse and Neglect 1).however, though, the child does not evolve into a negative environment by being abused, the path that co uld also lead to a young child’s mind into negativity would be witnessing any kind of abuse within the house. â€Å"It is true thatShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying1188 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a serious issue in today’s society. It can affect the well-being of the offender, bystander, and target. It can happen almost anywhere and anytime in privacy, in schools, at places of employment, and even in neighborhoods. Bullying can be classified as being physical, emotional, verbal or social which known as cyber bullying. There are various types of bullying experienced in schools among the students like: teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, spitting, and embarrassing othersRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1811 Words   |  8 Pages The Detrimental Effects of Bullying In today’s schools, it seems there are always problems arising; one of these problems has become quite an issue and needs serious attention in order for it to be resolved. According to stopbullying.gov, bullying among school-aged children involves a real or perceived power imbalance and aggressive behavior towards other students. Most students will experience, first or second-hand, bullying throughout their time at school. This issue is causing our schools toRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1232 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a continuing problem that has affected individuals from their childhood and continuing well into adulthood. Consequences of bullying are vast in their potential to negatively impact the person s physical, emotional, and psychological state of well being. The poor management of stress brought by the onset of bullying affects social health both short term and long term foreshadowing numerous potential risk factors and actions. Prevalent issues in victims include higher chances of mentalRead MoreNegative Effects Of School Bullying1855 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction School bullying continues to be a prevalent problem found in elementary, middle and high schools across the United States and internationally (Slee Mohyla, 2014). Everyday educators are faced with the problem of trying to determine why students bully and what they can do to prevent or dramatically reduce the behavior. Previous research has provided much needed insight into the issue, but as we move forward the nature of bullying is constantly changing. Bullying comes in many formsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cyber Bullying1528 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know that bullying in any form is horrible for the victims, so why does it happen? Some thoughts on this, are that the bullies are being harmed in some way or have low self-esteem themselves and that they cope by being mean to others to make themselves feel better. Then other ways it may just for them to feel powerful, and to look cool around the other kids. The bullies may not even understand the harm they are inflicting. (Underst anding Cyberbullying: Why It Happens and How To Prevent ItRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages What are the effects of bullying on international students- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Bullying In the 2014-2015 school years, 292,400 students reported being bullied out of a total of 763,000 students (Student Reports of Bullying: results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, National Center for Education statistics(NCES)). Bullying does not affect only children in school, but can also happen to adults. Bullying has an immense effect on people of all ages. Whether it is an adolescent at school, or an adult in their workplaceRead MoreDoes Cyberbullying Have The Same Negative Effects On Traditional Bullying? Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question Does cyberbullying have the same negative effects as traditional bullying? Thesis Statement Cyber Bullying has the same negative effects as Traditional Bullying. Introduction The goal of the research reports is to compare and contrast the effects of cyberbullying against those of traditional bullying. The research finds that cyberbullying does have the same effect as traditional bullying, but to a greater extent. Reviewing the researchRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Social Problem911 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a serious social problem that happens in schools between adolescents. Bullying is not taken seriously and often dismissed. The perpetrator and the victim are expected to work out the situation on their own. There are many forms of bullying such as physical, verbal, social, and cyber. The perpetrators can have a negative effect on the victim for many years and possibly even life. 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headscarf debate in France Free Essays

string(32) " are not willing to assimilate\." Introduction On March 15th, 2004 the government of the French Republic passed a law that banned the wearing of â€Å"conspicuous signs† of religious affiliation in public schools (Bowen, 2007). Whilst this law affected Jewish skullcaps, large crosses, Sikh turbans, many scholars (i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on headscarf debate in France or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wing and Smith, Tarhan) believe that its main purpose was to ban the wearing of the headscarves, known also as hijab by young Muslim girls. Currently there are approximately 5 million Muslims living in France (CIA, 2012). The majority of them are the immigrants from former French colonies in North and West Africa. Muslims constitute 5-10% of the French population, while Islam is the second largest religion in France (Tarhan, 2011). Hence, the law from 2004 led to objections and protests amongst French Muslims. They regarded the decision of the French government as a sign of discrimination and violation of religious freedom in France (Wing and Smith, 2006). In turn, the French government emphasized that French secularism (known also as laicite), assuming separation between state and religion, was a main reason standing behind its decision (Astier, 2004)). The 2004-228 French law is controversial till this day. The supporters of this law claim that a ban on religious symbols confirmed a secular character of French Republic and defended French national identity. They also postulate that a ban contributed to a greater equality amongst women and men within Muslim society. On the other hand, the opponents often also rejected laicite as a basis of the French law 2004-228. Instead, they postulate that a fear of multiculturalism and growing division within the French society, especially after September 11th, had a key impact on the governmental decision. Further, they claim that French society suffers from Islamophobic (Scott, 2005). The following essay aims to examine the French secularism, laicite, was a key factor responsible for the banning of headscarves in France. First, the essay explains the role of female headscarf in Islam in order to understand a strong objection against a ban from the Muslim side. Second, the essay presents shortly a debate on wearing headscarves in France that had its beginning in the 1980s. Further, the essay considers the concept of laicite in France and its impact on passing the French law 2004-228. The essay analyzes other factors that influenced on the banning of religious symbols in France in order to compare their role and the role of laicite in passing the law as well as to prove that laicite had major impact on the banning of headscarves. Finally, the essay considers the ban as an unsuccessful reform and presents policy recommendations. The role of headscarf in Muslim tradition The headscarf is an important religious symbol in the Islamic tradition. The Quran, perceived as the source of Allah’s command by Muslims, states that: â€Å"believing women (†¦) should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils[1] over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands’ fathers, their sons, their husbands’ sons, their brothers, or their brothers’ sons or their sisters’ sons, or their women or the servants whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O you Believers, turn you all together towards Allah, that you may attain Bliss.† (Quran 24:31)Therefore, following Allah’s law, Muslim women are obligated to remain modest and to cover thei r beauty. Moreover, the Quran says: â€Å"O Prophet! Tell Thy wives And daughters, and the Believing women, that They should cast their Outer garments over Their Persons (when outside): That they should be known (As such) and not Molested† (Quran 33:59). It indicates that there are two purposes of the wearing of headscarves by Muslim women. First, headscarf should protect Muslim women from gazes of strange men and from being an object of stranger’s desire. Second, headscarf should help to distinguish Muslim women from women of other religions (Syed, 2001). It is worth adding that the Quran does not state precisely which parts of woman’s body should be covered. Hence, there are different types of head (and body) coverings amongst Muslim women in various countries, depending on Quran’s interpretation and culture. They range from the simple hijab, covering the head and neck to Afghani burqa, covering the entire body and leaving only so-called mesh screen so that the woman is able to see (Wing and Smith, 2006). With the beginning of decolonization in the 1950s and the 1960s, the European countries, in particular France and the United Kingdom, had experienced massive immigrations from the Middle East and African countries. Most of the immigrants were Muslims. Hence, the Western countries, characterized by Christian roots had to face different religions, cultures and values brought to the Europe by Muslims. The headscarf has become one of the most visible elements of these differences in the European’s public eyes (Wing and Smith, 2006). Headscarf debate in a contemporary France Muslims constitute 5-10% of the total French population (CIA, 2012). Mostly they are immigrants from the regions such as the Maghreb, the Middle East, Turkey and Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Additionally there is an increasing number of people of European descent in France who are deciding to convert into Islam. Since the late 1980s Muslims in France has strongly manifested its cultural and religious separateness. They aimed to â€Å"create an Islamic identity with local institutional, societal and cultural structures† (Wing and Smith, 2006, p.753) and they focused on building new mosques and loud practices of their religion. It led to Islamophobic tendencies in France which were often manifested by hostility, discrimination in employment and housing as well as larger socio-economic exclusion of Muslim society. Currently Muslims continue to be separated from the rest of French society. The main cause of this separation is that Muslims are not willing to assimilate. You read "h eadscarf debate in France" in category "Essay examples" The rules of Islam are not regarded by Muslims not only as religious rules but also as the rules of living. In turn, the former French governments had focused on preventing massive immigrations into France[2] (and hence, spreading Islam across the country) rather than on helping Muslims to adopt French values and norms (Tarhan, 2011). Key indicators of this exclusion are limited access to the education for Muslims, houses in the urban ghettos (known also as the zones of economic and social exclusion) but also lack of involvement in French political life and culture from the Muslim side. The debate on headscarves in France has got its root in 1989 and is known as the affaires de foulard (Scott, 2005, p. 1). At that time, three Muslim girls were expelled from their secondary state school in the town of Creil after they refused to take off their headscarves. Although it was not a first such a case (the director of this school had earlier banned Jewish students from wearing the Kippah in school), it brought an extensive attention of French media. The director of school argued that he made a decision on the basis of French laicite[3], a concept postulating separation between the state and religion (Tarhan, 2011). Muslim society was supported by Catholic, Protestant and Jewish leaders. Together, they postulated that laicite should have been regarded as toleration for other religions rather than condemnation of religion (Scott, 2005). This approach was also accepted by the former Minister of Education, Lionel Jospin (the Socialist Party) He announced that religious symbols and clothing at schools were allowed as long as they did not threaten other religious beliefs (Tarhan, 2011). Despite this governmental announcement, a number of similar cases has dramatically increased between 1989 (400 cases) and 1994 (3000 cases), what led to racial and religious violence in France (Bowen, 2007). It is worth adding that also international events had an impact on growing violence in France. Particularly important seems to be a civil war in Algeria, a former French colony where the secular government struggled with the Islamic fundamentalists. In 1994 the tensions were so intense that education staff were sending letter to the French government, asking for advices on how to deal with the situation. As a result, new Minister of Education, Francois Bayrou (the Democratic Movement) implemented new rules on religious symbols in schools. He allowed only discreet symbols in schools, while he prohibited ostentatious symbols. Discreet symbols were defined as those that â €Å"demonstrated personal religious conviction† (Tarhan, 2011, p.18), while ostentatious – as those that led to discrimination and differences into the educational communities. Bayrou’s claim was controversial and brought the attention of French media. Consequently, the Conseil d’Etat, the highest administrative court in France, decided to investigate the controversial issue. The court rejected Bayrou’s decision and recommended school administrations and teachers to make decision on the actions of their students. The French government appointed an Algerian-born Muslim woman, Hanifa Cherifi, as a governmental mediator responsible for handling the wearing of headscarves. In result, the issue has grown quiet for nine years (Scott, 2005). The issue of headscarves was brought to the public attention again in 2003, when the Minister of Interiors and Cults, Nicolas Sarkozy postulated that Muslim women should take off their headscarves while posing for official identity photographs. As Muslims became an important minority in France with the beginning of the twenty first century, Sarkozy’s claim reflected growing frustration and intolerance towards visibility of religious symbols in public places amongst French politicians and society. It also brought back the issue of headscarves in schools. In effect, French President, Jacques Chirac (the Union for a Popular Movement) formed a commission led by Bernard Stasi in order to investigate the implementation of laicite in French educational institutions. . Students, teachers, intellectuals and also the European Commission got involved in the work of Stasi’s Commission. Some Muslim girls chose to be interviewed undercover, as they wanted to voice their opinions about wearing the hijab anonymously. The report produced by Stasi’s Commission presented an in-depth study on the role that the hijab plays in the Muslim community. In reference to Islam, one of the most important results was that young Muslim girls, that used to grow up in a society dominated by western culture and values found difficult to reaffirm their identities as Muslims by the way they had to dress. Further, it showed that young Muslim girls were often not participating in classes such as P.E (physical education) as they were afraid of violence and assaults from Muslim men’s side. Moreover, Muslim girls often confessed that they were being forced to wear the hijab by their families and peer groups. The Stasi’s Report also drew open other issu es surrounding Muslim women such as female genital mutilation and forced marriages (Vaisse, 2004). The Stasi’s Report pointed out that the existence of religious symbols in schools was not compatible with the concept of laicite. The Report postulated that the veil was responsible for the alienation of women. As secularism and gender equality were regarded as the important features of laicite, the Report recommended banning religious symbols in schools[4] (Wing and Smith, 2006). It is important to add that the critics of the Stasi’s Report aimed to undermine the validity of the report. They postulated that the report was mainly based on western perceptions on the hijab and Muslim women. The link between forced marriages, female genital mutilation and the hijab, were all based upon the commission negative image of Islam, there was no empirical research to back their findings (Schiek and Lawson, 2011). Muslim women argue that the hijab is worn voluntarily and it brings th em a sense of belonging and community (Schiek and Lawson, 2011). Following the Stasi’s Report, on February 10th, 2004, French National Assembly passed the law on the banning conspicuous religious symbols in schools. A huge majority of the Assembly, 494 members, were in favour of the ban, while only 36 members voted against the ban. At the same time, 31 members abstained from voting. Similarly, on March 3rd, 2004, the French Senate also passed the same legislation. 276 voters were in favour of the ban, while 20 of them voted against the ban (Weil, 2009). The implementation of the new law was preceded by three demonstrations, respectively, on December 21st, 2004; on January 17th, 2005; and on February 14th, 2005 that aimed to stop passing the law 2004-228. These numbers underline that most of the French politicians supported the ban regardless their political beliefs and hence, indicate that most of the politicians noticed the problem of growing division within the French society. Mohammed Latreche an Islamist activist mobilized and encourage d French citizens to participate in these demonstrations. He established a political party, Pati des Musulman de France (the Party of French Muslims) with the headquarters in Strasburg. The demonstrations, showed the Muslim publics outrage at the law that was about to be passed. The legislative ban was regarded as an attack on Muslims with the Muslim society. Two girls even went as far as hunger strikes to show their opposition to the ban. Some posters propagated slangs such as ‘Stasi killed me’ and ‘1 veil= 1 vote’ (Bowen, 2007). Officially, the law was implemented on March 15th and it is known as the law 2004-228. Despite the demonstrations, the legislative ban in France has been largely supported by the French society. According to Pew Research Centre (2006) 78% of the French population have supported the ban, while only 22% of the population have regarded the banning as a bad idea. These results might indicate that most of the French society agreed on t he separation between the religion and the public sphere. The concept of laicite and its impact on the banning of headscarves in France Many scholars (i.e. Wing and Smith[5]) believe that the concept of laicite was a key factor behind the decision on the banning of headscarves in France. Laicite has a long tradition in France and hence, it is crucial to analyze its influence on the ban of religious symbols. As it was mentioned above, laicite, known also as a French secularism can be regarded as a unique feature of French politics. It is based on the freedom of thought and the freedom of religion and assumes separation between the state and religion (Tarhan, 2011). It is important to underline that laicite does not indicate the governmental hostility in reference to the religion. Instead, it believes that the political and religious issues should be kept separately and hence, the government and religious organizations should not influence on each other. There are two main interpretation of laicite. First, laicite can be viewed as passive neutrality or non-intervention by the state in the private religious domain. This interpretation suggests that the exercise of religion in the private sphere is p ermissible, and that the French state will not openly support overt religious practices in public spheres (Scott, 2005). Another interpretation of the laicite’ can be viewed as a more active secularism, in terms of which the nation is promoted as a fundamentally political society fiercely independent of any religious authority (Wing and Smith, 2006), and one in which the values of the state can be defended through the concept of L’ordre Public in order to justify interference where necessary with some religious organisations. This definition of laicite’ gives the government more control over public institutions and the amount of religious activity that goes on there, for example schools (Weil, 2009). It is important to add that the concept of laicite has also got its opponents. They postulate that that laicite is a strong form of anti-clericism and should be regarded as a violence against the freedom of religion as it prohibits the right to religious expression. Further, they argue that the countries characterized by secularism actually support the dominant religion of this country and undermine the religious rights of the minorities in this country. For instance, in France the public holiday and school holiday are mostly based on the Christian liturgical year (Weil, 2009). The principle of laicite became predominant and put into practice was during the French Revolution (1789). Initially it concerned the separation between the state and the Catholic Church, which had played a major role in France in the eighteen century. Revolutionaries aimed to redefine citizenship and nationhood and hence, to separate Catholicism from the French identity. New citizenship was meant to be universal, secular and inclusive. Instead, the French Revolution led to ‘xenophobic nationalism’ (Tarhan, 2011, p.4) which targeted foreigners as well as priests, rebels, political opponents and noblemen. Similarly, the Revolution started to reject religion rather than tolerate it. The principle of laicite had been implemented for the first time in public school in France in 1883. This law, passed on June 28th, 1833 entailed that primary school teaching should have no religious affiliation. Further, laicite was implemented in France through the creation of the public scho ol system, in the years 1881-2 with Jules Ferry’s public school laws (Bowen, 2007). However, despite these steps Catholicism remained an important element of French regime until the end of nineteenth century. More significant changes started in 1901 when France passed a new law, Law of Association according to which religious associations became obligated to have a state supervision. Further, in 1904 the religious communities were forbidden to provide education. In result, approximately 30,000 of clergy lost their teaching jobs and stopped taking salaries from the state. Nonetheless, the legislation passed in 1905, known as the Separation Act, is regarded as first meaningful success of secularists in France (Tarhan, 2011). The 1905 law has become the legal guideline for the separation of the state and the church. The word laicite did not appear in the 1905 law. However, the first article of the law emphasized freedom of religion in France, as it stated that: â€Å"the republ ic ensures freedom of conscience. It guarantees the free exercise of religions with the sole restrictions decreed hereafter in the interest of public order† (Tarhan, 2011, p.7). The second article, in turn, declared that â€Å"The Republic does not recognize, fund or subsidize any religion. [†¦]State, departmental and commune budgets, together with all expenses relating to the exercise of religions will be abolished.† (Tarhan, 2011, p.7) and hence, it guaranteed state’s neutrality towards religions. The legislation from 1905 gave a political and legal character to the concept of laicite in France. More importantly, it indicated that laicite was a process that had emerged in France through the confrontation about national identity between Clerics and Republicans (Scott, 2005). The principle of laicite has initially been implemented in reference to Catholicism. However, as France has become a multicultural and multi-religious country, laicite has also affected other religions. The ban on religious symbols from 2004 has particularly affected Muslims. It seems to emphasize an impact of laicite on the French politics and tradition. Nowadays laicite is regarded in France as one of the foundations of French Republic and the French collective (national) identity (The Economist, 2004). It represents a sharp contrast to Anglo-American model of multiculturalism supporting the development of community characterized by multiply cultures, values and traditions. French believe that laicite guarantees tolerance, freedom of religion, peace as well as social cohesion. Further, laicite postulates a sharp division between public and private spheres. Religion and ethnicity can be manifested in the private sphere. However, the only visible legitimate identity in the public sph ere should be French national identity. Further, the laic state has right to interfere in the religious issues if the national unity and common values of the French Republic are threatened (Weil, 2009). According to the concept, Muslim society should accept French norms and culture in order to become a part of French political unity. Nonetheless, Muslims have become a significant minority in France, unwilling to adopt French tradition and lifestyle. Instead, they strongly manifested own culture, tradition and identity (The Economist, 2004). Islam was perceived not only as a religion but also as a rigorous lifestyle that rejected Western values such as liberty, freedom and laicite. Hence, French started to perceive Muslims and Islam religion as the threads to the French national unity that had to be addressed and resolved. The debate on headscarves in France confirms this negative perception of Muslims within French society (Tarhan, 2011). With the exception of laicite, there were also other factors that had an influence on the ban of religious symbols in France. As stated in the Stasi’s Report, the ban aimed to empower Muslim women and to guarantee greater equality amongst the Muslim women and men. However, in this case, the ban was just a symbolic gesture, as it only applied to the young Muslim girls in public schools and did not affect adult Muslim women, working in some public places or just walking on the streets (Bowen, 2007). In contrast, there are several external factors that might have influenced the timing of headscarves debate in France. When the first debate on headscarves took place in 1989, the Communist system in the Central and Eastern Europe collapsed. Europe experienced massive inflows of Muslim immigrants and spreading Islam religion across the European countries. Hence, Islam quickly started to be perceived as a thread to the Western values that replaced an old thread, communism. Further, in 1994 there was a civil war in Algeria, a former colony of France that was caused by the conflict between the secular military government of Algeria and Islamic fundamentalists. The Algerian conflict indicated a possibility of similar problems between the state and its largest religious minority in France. Finally, in 2003 Europe was still strongly affected by the consequences of September 11th (2001). Additionally, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the worsening of the conflict between Israel and Palestine resulted in sharp divergence between the West and Islam culture. At that time, French Muslims definitely identified with the Muslims in other parts of the world and the wearing of headscarves manifested such identification. French government, on the other hand, faced real threads of terrorism. Hence, the one of the goals of French defense became to prevent French citizens and institutions from potential challenges to their integrity in the face of growing xternal thread s (Scott, 2005). Conclusions To sum up, the ban of religious symbols in schools implemented in France in 2004 was very controversial and led to numerous protests and demonstrations in France. The supporters of the ban underlined the secular character of France and the need to separate religion from the public sector. The opponents, in turn, argued a minor impact of the ban, as it only affected Muslim schoolgirls, constituting relatively insignificant percentage of Muslim female population in France. Without a doubt, laicite had a key impact on the legislative ban. The French government aimed to emphasize a secular character of the French Republic and the importance of separation between the state and the religion, a traditional element of the concept of laicite. In the contemporary France, key elements of laicite have become nation identity and unity. As French society was characterized by a strong division on Muslims and non-Muslims as well as by strengthening Muslim influences, the French government has become responsible for protecting the French national identity. The ban was believed to be a successful tool to achieve this goal. Except laicite, there was a number of international events such as Afghan war, Iraqi war or Israeli-Palestinian conflict that strengthened Islamophobia in Western countries, in particular in secular France that has always been characterized by the opposition to multiculturalism and foreign nations. Although some scholars (i.e. Scott) postulate that gender equality was also a factor influencing French decision on the ban, there is no strong evidence to support this claim. In fact, the ban affected only small number of young Muslim girls being in public education. Nowadays it is certain that Muslims have to accept cosmopolitan values and freethinking if they aim to stay in the Western countries. Currently a number of Western countries such as United Kingdom, Spain or Germany have been characterized by a trap of two conflicting cultures. However, forcing Muslims to go against their religious practices, as applied in France seems to be counterproductive. The ban of religious symbols in France led to the riots (2005) in so-called les cites, ghettos focusing North Africans and Arabs that spread around the major French cities. During these riots two Muslim teenagers were accidently killed. However, the ban of religious symbols could have disastrous consequences. Young Muslims, rejected by the French government and regarded as a second-class society, often accept extremism and violence as the solution of their problems. It is also a sign of their dissatisfaction in reference to French and Western policy. The example of the United States demonstrates prominently the negative consequences of rejecting and underestimating its ethnic minority. The young, radical Muslims trained by the conservative European imams became responsible for the dramatic events from September 11th (Kiersh, 2008). The French government should have learnt a lesson from the international events such as bomb attacks in London or Madrid during which Muslims born in Europe were also involved in these dramas. The French government should stop pushing its Muslim society towards extremism and encouraging violence amongst them. Instead, the French government should establish a long-term strategy in order to incorporate their Muslim minority into the environment they regard as unfriendly. The government must develop new, comprehensive measures that will help Muslims to identify with the rest of the French society and to become involved in various aspects of French lifestyle. In order to achieve these goals, the French government must focus on the reduction of job and housing discrimination in the first place as well as on changing the attitudes within the French policy towards Muslim male immigrants. The French government can expect that other European governments (in particular British, German and Span ish governments) will be also willing to address the problem of separation between Muslims and mainstream society, as they struggle with the same problem. An interesting idea seems to be a cross-countries program involving the governments of these states that would implement common reforms so that the Muslims can assimilate with the rest of the societies. Also the United States could probably get involved in such a cross-countries program in the framework of the War on Terror. Without a doubt, the European governments would be more willing to accept such a form of terrorism fighting rather than military interventions in the Middle East. The following concept requires in-depth analyzes and detailed policy planning. However, it would definitely bring larger and more positive outcomes than the ban of religious symbols in public schools (Kiersh, 2008) List of references: Astier, H., (2004). The deep Roots of French Secularism [online] available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3325285.stm (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Bowen, J., (2007). Why the French do not like the Headscarves. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. CIA, (2012). The World Factbook: France [online] Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Kiersh, A., (2008). Why the Headscarf Ban is wrong for France [online] Available from: http://www.sikhcoalition.org/documents/AaronKiershEssay.pdf (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Morin, R. and Horowitz, J., (2006). European debate the Scarf and the Veil [online] Available from: (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Scott, J., (2005). Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in French Public Schools. New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Study. Schiek, D and Lawson, A., (2011). European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination. London: Ashgate Publishing. Syed, I., (2001). Women in Islam: Hijab [online] Available from: http://www.islamfortoday.com/syed01.htm (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Tarhan, G., (2011). Roots of the Headscarf Debate: Laicism and Secularism in France and Turkey. Journal of Political Inquiry, 4, p. 1-32. The Economist, (2004). The war of the headscarves [online] Available from: http://www.economist.com/node/2404691?story_id=2404691 (Accessed on 25.04.2012). Vaisse, J., (2004). Veiled Meaning: the French Law Banning Religious Symbols in Public Schools. Washington: The Brookings Institute. Weil, P., (2009). Why the French Laicite is liberalCardozon Law Review, 30(6), p.2699-2714. Wing, A. and Smith, M., (2006). Critical Race Feminism Lifts in Veil?: Muslim, Women, France and the Headscarf Ban. California: UC Davis. How to cite headscarf debate in France, Essay examples

JOhn Lewis environment forces free essay sample

John Lewis, one of subsidiaries of John Lewis Partnership (JLP), launched its first store in London’s Oxford Street in 1864. The company then has implemented the organic grown approach, pursuing a dynamic business and corporate strategy. It has been successful by making the right strategic decisions thorough effective operation (O’Regan and Ghobadian, 2012). By 2012, the firm becomes the largest multichannel department store retailer in the UK, with 30 department stores and 9 John Lewis at home, providing Fashion, Home, Electronic products and Home Technology assortment. It publicised that profit before tax in 2012 was ? 15. 8 million, almost triple of that a decade ago (John Lewis plc interim report, 2012). However, success cannot only be measured in term of finance, but also in term of stakeholders’ happiness. John Lewis achieved Britain’s Favourite Retailer Awards for the fourth consecutive year in 2011 and many other awards. This paper is about to use environmental forces to explain the achievements of John Lewis over 150 years. The work contains mainly three parts: macro-environmental force focusing on four points, then moving to two elements in micro-environment and conclusion. Macro-environmental forces Macro-environment is also known as external environment which affects business decision in various ways and which can impinge not only on the transformation of the firm, but also on the process of resources acquisition and on the creation and consumption of output (Worthington and Britton, 2009). These forces can shape and moderate the behaviour of all stakeholders in the market including competitors, suppliers, customers and employees. The macro forces are often organised into political/legal, economic, ecological/physical, social/cultural and technology (Kotler et al. , 2010, p. 154). In order to clarify its influence effectively, the economists arrange them into few models such as PESTEL, DEEPLIST. This paper will apply the PEST model to consider: Political, Economic, Social-cultural and Technology impacts on the success of John Lewis. Political and Legal In order to predict and achieve economic objectives, the government attempts to have some control over business environment. To recover the economy from the recession, the Bank of England has historically set up the interest rate at less than 2% since 2008. It aims to persuade consumers that saving money is less attractive as less interest is received and it also reduce the payment on mortgages and other loans. Homeowners, hence, have more discretionary income, resulting in spending on other consumer goods (Bain, 2009). Moreover, the low rate which means little in return, will increase consumer confidence in purchasing because cost of goods bought in credit is poorer. Although the majority products in John Lewis are highly income elasticity like electrical and furniture goods which are more expensive comparing to them of other retailers such as Debenhams, the low interest boosted the sales of the stores, thus greatly help performing during the recession. The electrical and home technological sales in John Lewis rose up by 13% in 2009, mostly from TV sales (Bain, 2009). Since 2012, British government has encouraged companies to practice Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP) which is giving shares to employees with the aim of urging motivation, thus growing and improving productivity (BBC News, 2012a). This strategy has been already practiced by Sir John Spedan Lewis, founder of JLP, many years ago and present as a unique figure of JLP. The declaration of Nick Clegg, Deputy Minister of Britain, of JLP as a typical example of excellent employee owned company that is having a great performance and contribution towards the UK economy, has been again strengthened. Since government mention of JLP as a successful model of ESOP, it can augment the reputation of the Partnership. In term of specific effects on John Lewis Department Store, this honour is an enormous promotion on national level, so enabling to maintain customer’s loyalty and attract more potential customers which will benefit its long term growth. Economics The financial crisis in 2008 caused the failure for many companies across many countries in the world, including the UK. However, the very low interest rate, mentioned above, helped John Lewis to survive because the low rate will increase business confidence, hence more investments are made. This is because the returns on the future strategies seem to exceed interest payments that have to be made on borrowed funds. For instance, with the ? 6 million for 6-week TV advertising campaign, the company was able to succeed even in the recession as its gross sales increased by 2. 8% during the campaign. Helping the company survive and expand, a new department store in Cardiff represents John Lewis’s solid position even during the harsh economic environment (John Lewis Partnership annual report and accounts). Moreover, United Kingdom is one of the countries which have high GDP in the world, with the GDP in 2011 of $2. 4 trillion and $37,100 per capita (Central Intelligence Agency 2012). Therefore, it confirms that UK market with its strong purchasing power and living standard creates advantages for every business, particularly in retail sector. Strong purchasing power will increase demand for goods and services in the market, thus the firm can use this advantages to enlarge profitability (Gerth and Kotler, 1999). For that reason, John Lewis is able to benefit from purchasing power in order to produce more sales and increase the profit. In addition, John Lewis’s products are a little higher in price because of its quality, however, it still has ability to make up their price to maximise the profit and compete with other firms. It is because the high income and living standard allow people to have more money in their budget, hence for customers easily accepting a small change in price. As a result, with competitive pricing, total sales at John Lewis rose 6. 7% and 21% rise in operating profit in 2009 (Gordon, 2010). Socio-cultural The success in children sales are affected by the demographic change in the UK, including population and age structure. The population in Britain has been growing constantly over the decade, reaching approximately 63. 2 million in 2011, 4 million more than recorded in 2001 (BBC News, 2012a). This, in turn affects John Lewis toys, nursery and baby sales that soared to 10. 3% in 2012 as John Lewis is famous for its distinct children game, Lego (Holland, 2012). According to a recent BBC News, in 2011 the number of babies born in England was the highest since 1971, expecting another record-breaking in 2012 (BBC News, 2013). Other statistics from BBC News (2012c) displayed that there has been a rise in life expectancy in the UK with 16. 4% of people over aged 65, the highest record in any census, due to high living standard. A research claims that mature people tend to spend more on their grandchildren rather than on them and less on luxury goods (Access economics, 2001). Hence, it is highly proved that the more born babies and high ageing population will lead to greater demand for children’s products such as toys, hence increasing sales on John Lewis in general. On the other hand, lifestyle can clearly affect people’s attitudes and behaviours (Worthington and Britton, 2009, p. 144). The prevalence of internet creates a new lifestyle in which people embrace social networks to communicate. Understanding the rapid spreading ‘culture’ social networks such as Facebook and Twitter in community, John Lewis has leveraged them to catch up with new trend, hence keep in touch with customers. After launching John Lewis’s Facebook page in 2010, today it has nearly 400,000 followers (The Marketing Society, 2013). With such a huge amount of people connecting with the firm, the networks can be used for marketing purpose which is vastly cost-effective instead of other advertising tools. John Lewis, for example, is able to inform its followers easily about promotion and sale period, hoping to encourage sale. Technology The emergence of the internet supports firms to build and maintain customer relationship by online activities which may assist the exchange of ideas, products and services (Mohammed et al. , 2001 cited by Gay et al. 2007, p. 6). Nowadays, people are busier so in-store shopping is less and less attractive or they do not want to be in the multitude during peak times such as Christmas. Online shopping, which can substitute the traditional method, can help buyers to purchase at anytime and anywhere. Therefore, with the convenience, johnlewis. com is an important element of John Lewis’s success. There was just 27. 2% increased sales, compared to that in 2010, on johnlewis. com, accounting for 19% of total in 2011 while the online sales rose by 40% in 2012, accounting for 25% of total company revenue (John Lewis plc interim report 2011, p. 6 and 2012, p. 6). These figures express a significant improvement of online sales for the previous two years. The John Lewis website, additionally, provides all information about products such as price, usage introduction, so it is not necessary for customers to visit stores for advice thus saving time. It achieved the â€Å"Best Online Retail† of 2010 conducted by Verdict Research (John Lewis), hence strengthening the image. Micro-environmental forces Opposing to macro environment, micro-environmental forces are closer to the business and impact directly on its operation. These forces usually consist of employees, customers, suppliers and distributors (Worthington and Britton, 2009). Among those, stakeholders such as employees and customers have played important roles in the success of John Lewis. Knowing that employee, who will deliver products and services to customers, is one of the most crucial factors that influence the victory of the company so John Lewis has applied the ESOP for long time growth, emphasising that employees are its partners. In 2011, when the high revenue was still suffering by the recession’s effects, John Lewis staffs received 17% share of profit, which was equivalent to an approximate payment of nine weeks (The Guardian, 2012). A survey conducted by Bryson and Freeman (2010) implies that many employees desire some forms of ownership in the company where they work, thus this benefit will increase employee loyalty and enthusiasm to work harder. Since employees are also the owners, hence if they are more responsible and dedicated to the jobs, the business not only can increase profitability, but also is able to receive more dividends. Although ESOP may reduce the retained profit of the firm, it helps John Lewis to grow further in long term prospect. Moreover, the loyal customer base is considered as a main contributor to John Lewis’s achievement. Throughout years, John Lewis has gradually become a trusted brand to its customers. The over 88 years motto â€Å"Never Knowingly Undersold† which claims to provide the lowest price comparing to other high street competitors, has recently been altered its promise to match with the warranty service offered by the John Lewis (The Telegraph, 2011). It means the price which John Lewis offers is higher than some other retailers. However, it seems to not have much effect on John Lewis as consumers are looking for a reliable brand, not just cheapest price and they also believe in the value of the firm. Therefore, people are willing to pay more at the Department due to its high quality and outstanding services. This is the reason why John Lewis could perform well during recession, while other competitors, for example, Debenhams and BHS seemed to choose other inadequate solutions such as loss-leader, hence suffering loss (Wood, 2011). Conclusion John Lewis Department Store is executing perfectly with micro and macro environmental forces. This is proved by its survival over recession and the favourable financial statement provided by the firm over many years. The success is reasoned to John Lewis effective management by making the right decisions and comprehending the importance of environmental factors such as the emergence of shopping online. Furthermore, its value in quality from products to services has built a strongly recognized brand to customers, thus becoming the leader in UK retail market. However, the environment forces are very capricious so John Lewis has to be always cautious and be prepared for any contingency plans in order to preserve its prestige in the future.

UN Security Council and World Order

Introduction After the world wars I and II, many leaders of the world saw the need of putting in place proper laws and institutions to govern the world in a manner that would make it very difficult for another world war to happen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UN Security Council and World Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the key steps towards this direction was the establishment and strengthening of the United Nations, so that it could have the power and means of maintaining law and order in the world. This assignment is a discussion of how and why the United Nations, through the United Nations Security Council has been attempting to manage world order and why and how it has been unsuccessful. Discussion The term world order or new world order as its popularly known as, is used to refer to a bureaucratic system of governance of the world which advocates for global governance in disregard to tradit ional State sovereignty which advocates for national governance (Slaughter, 2005). The term has its history from what was referred to as â€Å"illuminati† which was the movement responsible for the French revolution as well as revolutions in Europe (Stauffer Williamson, 2005). Recently, new world order has taken the form of institutions which have global influence, appeal and presence like the United Nations and its affiliated institutions as well as the so called Breton wood institutions (Balogun, 2011). One of the key UN affiliated institutions which has been trying to propagate and manage the idea of world order is the United Nations Security Council, which is concerned with global security. The UN, through the UN Security Council has been in the fore front in attempts to have a world which is centralized in terms of governance, administration, justice as well as in terms of trade. The main idea behind the centralization of world’s governance is that such a world w ould be safer to live in, especially after the September 11 terror attacks on the United States. It is worth mentioning that the United States actually controls the Un Security Council due to its veto power. In fact, many international relations analysts have argued that there is actually no difference between the United States and the UN Security Council. A good example to illustrate this scenario is the US led invasion on Iraq in 2003, in which the Security Council was unable to prevent the US from doing the invasion, despite the fact that there were no enough justifications for the invasion.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In its attempts to manage word order, the UN Security Council has been employing the strategy of carrot and a stick, in which countries of the world, especially the developing ones are given aid with strings attached. In some situations, they are re quired to relinquish part of their sovereignty to international bodies like the international criminal court and several other international treaties and conventions. Those counties which fail to comply are not only slapped with economic sanctions, but also military actions as well. Why the UN Security Council attempts have been unsuccessful The initial intention of establishing and maintaining world order was good. But due to the politics of domination between the rich and the poor nations of the world, the idea has been faced with enormous challenges, which have made the UN Security Council strain without much success in the management of word order. It seems that there has been a growing resistance to the new world order which attempts to concentrate resources and power around the ruling elite and the bureaucrats at the expense of the common persons or citizens commonly referred by Karl max as the have nots (Milanović, 2010). For instance, the recent uprisings in Arabic count ries like Egypt, Libya and Tunisia were seen by many as an indication of civilian unrest and discontedment with the status of affairs in many countries which tend to pursue, propagate or support the ideology of a new world order. The unrest in these countries led to the ousting of the ruling bureaucrats, who had taken the advantage of the capitalist ideology to propagate inequality, lack of fairness and equity between various segments of the society which exists in form of social classes, with the upper social class enjoying the benefits of capitalism in form of surplus, as the low social class suffer from poverty, unemployment and lack of basic social amenities (Milanović, 2010). There have also been grassroots movements in form of civil society organizations which are formed by countries’ non-governmental sector. These civil society organizations have been working in a coordinated manner to push governments of countries to respect human rights, provide health care and e ducation to the citizens. The idea behind the formation of civil society organizations is to empower the common citizens with information about their rights and the responsibilities of governments (Barlow, 2003) The universal declarations of human rights agitates for the universal respect of human rights, civil liberties and freedoms like the freedom of worship, movement and expression. These rights and civil liberties advocated for by the civil society have the potential of affecting the stability of the new world order, especially in the fight against terrorism, which is thought to succeed under the limitation of some of the civil liberties and political rights as stipulated in the United States Patriotic Act enacted after the terrorist attacks of United States in 2001 (Abele, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UN Security Council and World Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The international criminal system of justice is intended to curb impunity and the violation of basic fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. It is aimed at detaining and punishing leaders who violate the rights of their citizens. This has happened especially for countries like Rwanda, Yugoslavia among others. However, the court has been explained by many critics as being characterized by double standards between the rich and poor nations. The impact of the international court system on security is that many countries of the world are improving their political systems to become more democratic instead of dictatorial or authoritative. This to some extend has led to increased freedom of expression of citizens which in a way has reduced the grip of the rich nations on the power to control and manipulate the resources of the world. Economically, the grassroots movements have been able to lobby for increased opportunities for countries to do business with each other. The movements have also been very instrumen tal in pushing governments to offer business opportunities and provide friendly loaning facilities to citizens. The world trade organization has been in the fore front in lobbying for increased interaction between nations in terms of doing business. It has also been working closely with individual governments to stream line their loaning facilities to be more friendly and accessible to many citizens (Barlow, 2003). The World Bank and the IMF have been working hand in hand with the world trade organization to offer financial support to the developing countries to fight poverty and disease, like Hiv/Aids and malaria. These institutions have empowered many poor countries to boost their levels of education, health care and overall, their economies. The economies of the poor countries have been improving from time to time, thereby reducing their dependency on the rich countries. This has been compromising the establishment of a new world order because the number of countries which may be manipulated for the gain of the rich countries is declining. Technologically, the grassroots movements and institutions have been working hand in hand with governments to be more open to technology transfer. Many countries of the world are now adopting the use of technology, especially the information communication technology like the use of the electronic mail, the use of the mobile phone networks as well as the use of electronic money transfer systems like wire transfer, money bookers, western union, PayPal among others (Chorafas, 1988).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of information communication technology and the internet has enabled people to improve the way in which they communicate to each other in many sectors. In the trade sector, many people have been able to do business in various countries due to improved use of information and financial technology. Doing trade and business nowadays has become more efficient and convenient than ever, which has been advantageous to the economies of the poor or developing countries. In the education sector, information technology has opened up more opportunities for people to do research and improve their academic qualifications in a friendly, convenient and efficient manner. This has led to increased literacy levels in many countries, which has got a positive impact on the economy of many countries because many people are able to understand the nature of business transactions and how to undertake business in a sustainable manner. This has consequently worked against the establishment of the new w orld order in which the rich states are able to consolidate resources and opportunities at the expense of the poor countries. At the global level, the advancement in technology has been a growing concern especially the advancement of nuclear energy. Some emerging economies in Asia and Middle East are increasingly embracing nuclear technology as an alternative to the use of coal, crude oil and natural gas as sources of energy. The use of nuclear energy is presumed to be environmental friendly and to possess the ability to generate massive energy to power the growth of economies of countries of the world. However, the use of nuclear technology has been a growing concern to the United States especially in regard to the issue of misuse of nuclear technology. The fear is that nations like North Korea, Iran and Syria which are perceived as having a hidden agenda in their nuclear programs and described by the previous US president George W. Bush as â€Å"axis of evil† may use their nuclear technology to harm the United States, its allies and the world in general. Nuclear energy may lead to nuclear terrorism. It may also have serious negative implications on the environment especially in regard to the disposal of nuclear waste if not properly managed. All these nuclear related issues are perceived as working against the establishment and strengthening of the new world order in which the elite concentrate the possession of technology and even the energy used for boosting economic productivity in countries of the world. If the poor, emerging or developing economies are allowed to pursue nuclear energy, they will not only act as potential terrorist threats but would also act as serious competitors of the advanced economies like the United States and members of the European Union and the establishment of the new world order as well. Conclusion Throughout the discussion in this assignment, what has emerged is that the powerful States have been attempting, through th e United Nations Security Council to establish a bureaucratic arrangement of world’s governance in which the elite would be controlling world’s resources and power. The main idea behind this has been to ensure that the super powers maintain the status quo in terms of world’s politics, economy, culture and technology through the propagation of their ideologies and influence to the less powerful nations of the world. However, there has been a lot of challenges in establishing the new world order, which have to some extend compromised the economic, political, cultural and technological security of the rich nations. The discussion may be summed up as a competition between the bureaucrats and the common person, whom, through the assistance of grassroots movements and institutions has been empowered to rise up and challenge the exploitations and discriminations which comes with the establishment of a new world order. The United Nations Security Council has also been h indered by the presence of many non-governmental organizations, which work in partnership with governments of the developing world to empower the citizens with education, which is a very important tool in fighting the rich nation’s imperialism. Education has enabled many countries in the developing world to embark on research, especially on agriculture and technology, which has enabled them to become self-reliant in terms of food and technological advancement. This has denied the rich nations, through the UN Security Council an opportunity to propagate the idea of world order, especially through giving aid to these countries, with some strings attached. Reference List Abele, R.P.(2005). â€Å"A User’s Guide to the USA Patriot Act and Beyond†. Oxford OX2 6DP: University Press of America. Balogun, M.J. (2011). Hegemony and Sovereign Equality: The Interest Contiguity Theory in International Relations. Oxford OX4 2DQ: Springer. Barlow, A.L. (2003). Between Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. Chorafas, D.N. (1988). Electronic Funds Transfer. Wellington Square: Butterworths. Milanović, B.(2010). The Haves and the Have-Nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality. Oxford OX2 6DP: Basic Books. Slaughter, A.M. (2005). A New World Order. Woodstock OX20 1TW: Princeton University Press. Stauffer, V., Williamson, B.J. (2005). New England and the Bavarian Illuminati. Oxford OX1 3BN: The Invisible College Press, LLC. This essay on UN Security Council and World Order was written and submitted by user Margaret D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Channel Scenarios

Communication Channel Scenarios Introduction There are many communication channels that managers can use when conveying vital business messages. However, the effectiveness of a particular channel is determined by the level of authority, type of information, urgency of information, the number of recipients among other factors. This paper focuses on three scenarios in which the managers are expected to decide on the most effective communication channels.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Communication Channel Scenarios specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Robbins and Judge (2011, p.344) suggest â€Å"communication should involve the transfer and acceptance of meaning†. In as much as a manager anticipates the desired outcomes, the circumstances of the scenarios must dictate the proper communication channel. Scenario one In the first scenario, the vice president of operations charges our team to develop a new entry strategy into the internatio nal market for a new beverage that has shown great success in the domestic market. Under these circumstances, timing is an important determining factor because the strategy must be developed in a week’s time. Daft and Marcic (2010) claim that business managers are aware and understand the richness associated with communication channels. In this respect, my knowledge and understanding compels me to think of downward face-to-face communication as the richest communication channel and formal reporting as the least rich channel. Although feedback is not solicited in this communication channel, direction is provided and to the team to be done as the manager sees fit. Face-to-face communication is not only cheap and time-saving, but allows me as the marketing manager to steer the decision making process as the outcomes will reflect what I have portrayed to the team members. Immediately, I would call a meeting of all team members because of the urgency and significance of the assign ment. This will make it much easier to communicate the message and relay the urgency and significance of the project. Misinterpretation and information loss associated with other channels like electronic mails and phone calls will be avoided (Robbins Judge, 2011). In addition, having a group discussion enhances the speed of the project as the physical gathering serves more than an opening. Initial tasks can be accomplished as well as assigning other tasks to individuals according to their potential.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When conveying the devised strategy to the vice president of operations, I would consider a formal and face-to-face communication channel rather than email. Although written communications can be edited and stored, they have major implications like misinterpretation. I will present to the vice president a PowerPoint containing imp ortant details such as global marketing decisions and distribution channels which the company can use to reach a wider global market. The reason that I choose this channel of communication is the need to clarify any point that might not be included in the presentation. If the vice president agrees with our strategy, a downward communication will be adopted to convey the message to relevant divisions and facilities. The channel is of interest because as the marketing manager and originator of the strategy, I will most likely be elected as the project manager and hence the need to keep in touch with the relevant departments. Scenario two The second scenario involves a manager of a large travel company who manages eleven employees. He discovers that the company login and password are no longer working. The manager must then contact the offsite IT department in order to understand the problem. He is also obliged to communicate the new login and password to the employees. As a competent manager, I realize three vital factors that would determine the most appropriated communication channels: information security, span of control and urgency of the information. When contacting the IT department, I would opt to use the telephone so that I can get first-hand information regarding the problem. The first thing I understand is that the IT department is not within our site and must be reached through a fast and reliable channel. Telephone as a channel of communication will enable me to reach the relevant personnel immediately (Daft Marcic, 2010). Secondly, information about company login and password is vital and requires high security. Therefore, a telephone call will guarantee a high level of confidentiality (Deswarte, Cuppens Jojadia, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Communication Channel Scenarios specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the information under question is vital to all business operations and the problem might delay almost all the activities. In response to this need, a telephone allows me to keep in constant touch with the IT department and perhaps press them to speed up in case of delays. When communicating with the employees, downward communication will be the most appropriate to keep them informed and provide them with new login and password details (Robbins Judge, 2011, p.344). When the new instructions will be provided, I will pass the details to the assistant manager who would then pass to other employees. For instance, I might choose to send an email to the assistant manager who will then send a priority email to the rest of the employees as they have an up and running email that can be used. This is the best channel of communication because, as the manager, I would be required to report to my superior. While my designated employee is conveying the message to others, I would be explaining the problem and the solution to my superior. Scena rio three The third scenario involves a business owner of an editing company having ten employees working for him. He critically needs to reduce the workforce in order to raise profit margins. A close assessment of the situation reveals two important factors that determine the appropriate communication channel: number of recipients and nature of the information. Robbins and Judge (2011) are of the opinion that non-routine messages are complicated and have potential misunderstanding and managers can therefore communicate them effectively by selecting rich channels. When informing the employees about the reduction of the workload, I would use face-to-face channel of communication.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This type of channel has the highest richness while formal reports have the least richness. Information about employee reduction is non-routine and might follow the suggestion put forward by Robbins and Judge. There is likelihood that I will be misquoted if I used other forms of communication such as electronic mails. Furthermore, the number of employees is small and I can easily convene a meeting to relay the message. However, when informing the affected employees that they are being let go, I will use a formal method of communication. I will send a letter to each employee that will be affected by the reduction. This is an appropriate channel of communication because the subject is emotional and explaining the situation to each employee formally is an indication that I care. Indeed, no feature of communication has more meaning and significance than emotions (Nielsen, 2008). Robbins and Judge (2011) identified emotions as a major barrier to effective communication that managers shou ld overcome by selecting channels that eliminate emotional judgment such as formal letters. References Daft, R. L. Marcic, D. (2010). Understanding Management. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. Deswarte, Y., Cuppens, F. Jojadia, S. (2004). Information security management, education and privacy: IFIP 18th World Computer Congress: TC11 19th International Information Security Workshops, 22-27 August 2004, Toulouse, France. Florence, KY: Springer. Nielsen, J. (2008). Effective Communication Skills. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior, Communication. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Characteristics of each of the 5 kingdoms and their meanings Essay Example for Free (#5)

Characteristics of each of the 5 kingdoms and their meanings Essay Every living creature on Earth belongs to a kingdom. Scientists debate how many kingdoms there are, but most agree there are five. Here is how the five kingdoms are organized. Monera Monera are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus. Bacteria make up the entire kingdom. There are more forms of bacteria than any other organism on Earth. Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as the ones found in yogurt. Others can cause us to get sick. Protists are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus. They usually live in water. Some protists move around, while others stay in one place. Examples of protists include some algae, paramecium, and amoeba. Fungi are usually motionless organisms that absorb nutrients for survival. They include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Plants Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from sunlight into food. Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place. Plants are divided into two groups: flower- and fruit-producing plants and those that don’t produce flowers or fruits. They include garden flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses, and conifers. Animals are the most complex organisms on Earth. Animals are multi-celled organisms, eat food for survival, and have nervous systems. They are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates and include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish. Actually, there are now six kingdoms. The five kingdom was during the 1969 and it included all the bacterias within one group. The five kingdom system is as follows: 1. Monera: Bacteria. They are prokaryotic and unicellular. They are mobile. 2. protista: Protists. They are eukaryotic. Either autotrophic, heterotrophic, or even mixotrophic. They live live as unicellular, multicellular, or even as a colony. Some are mobile while some are sessile. 3. animalia: Animals. Eukaryotic and are heterotrophic. They are all multicellular and are mobile. 4. plantae: Plants. Eukaryotic and mostly autotrophic (some parasitic plants are heterotrophic). They are multicellular and sessile. 5. fungi: Mushrooms, fungus, etc. Eukaryotic and heterotrophic. They are multicellular and sessile Characteristics of each of the 5 kingdoms and their meanings. (2016, Nov 13). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Business Law Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Case - Essay Example odgers for causing her, intentionally, emotional distress and anguish but the defendants claim that no damage is recoverable unless distress result in physical injury. Infliction of emotional distress exists if an â€Å"extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly† results in severe emotional instability in another party (Mann and Rogers 120). A person that causes such a distress assumes liability for the distress and possible consequences of the distress. An act is further said to be reckless if it disregards possible consequences or fails. According to the third restatement, knowledge of possible severe emotional instability and failure to take measures for mitigating effects of the instability and indifference over the possible consequences define recklessness. A person is entitled to damages for severe emotional distress is suffered emotional instability is severe and if an ordinary person would suffer the consequences under normal circumstances. There is no need for proof of physical harm in order to recover damages for emotional distress (Mann and Rogers 120). The case of Ferrell v. Mikula 627 SE2d7 illustrates the rule. In the case, a manager at Ruby Tuesday restaurant ordered a security offers to follow customers who were believed suspected to have left without paying for their orders. This was however a mistake because the target had paid their bills and were confused with two parties who had been excused from making payments. The target were then stopped, handcuffed and placed in police patrol car but later released after confirmation that they had actually paid their bills. The target sued for infliction of emotional distress that was dismissed at the original and appellate court. The court of appeal of Georgia argued that a case for infliction of emotional distress must meet four elements. There must have been intentional of reckless behavior that must further be â€Å"extreme or outrageous† (Mann and Rogers 121). The act must have further

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia Annotated Bibliography

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, fibromyalgia is described as a syndrome which inherits long-term body pain due to tenderness of joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. The study also illustrates the variant depression symptoms among people in respect to change in mood, behavior and thinking which hinders in pharmacological treatment. Medical researchers have implemented neurobiological and therapeutic features to decrease processes of pathophysiological to disable the enhancement of pain and depression within the people. This study also shows about the qualitative approach of identifying the association between chronic pain and mood disorders which go beyond the process of pathophysiological that causes depression and pain. Fibromyalgia arises due to variation in cognitive and emotional psychological behavior of people. These tendencies generally arise due to various deficiencies of vitamins, which build and provide strong generation of tissues. The competitive racialism, work pressure, financial insufficiency and unsophisticated environment are also associated with the cause of fibromyalgia. Hence, there must be awareness programs organized in support of medical organizations and welfare agencies, which can provide various psychological therapies and treatments to mitigate the issues of fibromyalgia. The research study illustrates that the cognitive impairment related to behavior and attitude of individuals which are generated due to fibromyalgia have extreme negative effect on the human psychology as well as causes severe pain than the general pain. This study explains that central nervous system, which consists of limbic and front parietal cortices of the patients are hampered who are inflicted with fibromyalgia. There had been neuroimaging techniques implemented, which ascertain that effective biomarkers are not available that can detect and measure the scale of patients’ condition in cognitive and

Principle and Practice of Selling Essay Example for Free

Principle and Practice of Selling Essay Ethics may be defined as the study of what is good and bad or what is right or wrong. It involves moral code conduct controlling the individuals and societies. People may differ sharply about what is ethical or unethical behaviour, especially in complex, competitive areas like business. Thus, in business areas, right or wrong decision making usually is based on economic criteria. Ethical dilemma can arises in a situation when each alternative choice or behaviour has some undesirable elements due to potentially negative ethical or personal consequences. Right or wrong cannot be clearly identified. In this chapter, there are four subtopics that we need to cover that consist of: salesperson’s ethics in dealing with customers, salesperson’s ethics in dealing with their employers, salesperson’s ethics dealing with their competitors and also managing sales ethics. In the first subtopic for salesperson’s ethics in dealing with their employers, the salesperson should know that misusing the company asset is one of the right or wrong behaviour. As everybody knows, the company assets are only be allowed to be use for official purpose only. Next, the ‘moonlighting’ attitude where some employees go beyond long lunch hours, taking personal phone calls and also excessive socializing to actually ‘moonlighting’ on part time jobs during the same hours they are supposed to be working for their primary employer. More than that, technology theft is also part of the salesperson’s ethics in dealing with employers. These days, every company provides their salesperson with computers, software and data on their customers. When the salesperson quit or is fired, they can easily take advantage by taking the organizations customer records to use for their future benefits. Last but not least, affecting other salesperson is also the unethical practices of one salesperson where he or she affect other salesperson like they may take customers away from co-workers. In next subtopic salesperson’s ethics in dealing with customers, there are some important points that every salesperson should be alert and aware of. Bribe is where a salesperson may attempt to bribe a buyer by offering money, gift, etc. The salesperson can be charged under law if they do so. Apart from that, misrepresentation can be in order to win the sale, some salesperson will promise much more than they can deliver with the idea that the customers will later accept some reasonable excuses. The following point is tie-in sales. It occurs when a buyer is required to buy other, unwanted products in order to buy a particular line of merchandise. Lastly, price discrimination. Many salespersons may practice price discrimination to improve their sales. Price discrimination refers to selling the same quantity of the product to different buyer at different prices. The next section in this chapter is managing sales ethics, which is include; follow the leader, leader selection is important, establish a code of ethics, create ethical structures, encourage whistle-blowing, create an ethical sales climate and establish control systems. Follow the leader means the Chief Executives must set the example of bad and good ethics thus the employee will know better about the right ethics as salespeople. Management must also carefully choose managers with high levels of moral development, and this is what we called as leader selection. Third is about establish a code of ethics, where a formal statement of company’s values concerning ethics and social issues. Beside that create ethical structures cab be divided into ethical committee which group of executives appointed to oversee company ethics and second is ethical ombudsman where official given the responsibility of corporate conscience that hears and investigates ethical complaints and informs top management to potential ethical issues. Encourage whistle-blowing is employee disclosure of illegal, immoral, or illegitimate practice on the employer’s part. Also, the top level manager must support code of ethics to create an ethical sales climate. Lastly, establish control systems in managing the sales ethics means dismissal, demotion, suspension, reprimand and withholding of the sale commissions would be possible penalties for unethical sale practices. As an addition to this chapter we found salespeople’s ethics in dealing with their competitors beside of their ethics to customers and employers as mentioned above. Here we will discuss about several salespeople’s ethic in dealing with their competitors. Firstly, belittle the competitors publicly. It is unethical to belittle the competitors by picturing their product as inferior or even shoddy and worthless. To gain the trust from customers, salespeople may even indicate that competitive products are better. Second is stealing shelf space. It also unethical to decease competitors’ share of shelf space placing competing products at back or crowding them together. Moreover, it could encourage the same action from competitors. Third is untruthful statement, where also unethical to salespeople to make untruthful stamen about their competitors and might ruin the salespersons’ reputation easily. And finally tempering the competitors’ product which is not only unethical but also illegal for salespeople to damage competitors’ product, tamper with their displays and point of sale materials or reduce their product shelf space in retail store and elsewhere. In conclusion, to be an ethical salesperson we must to well known the good ethics that should be followed and what is the bad ethic that should be avoid. Salespeople that do the right things will success in future while part of them who do the wrong things might be fired one day or might face many problems especially law.

GMA and Another EDSA threat :: essays research papers

I’m not a supporter of GMA (and I will never be), but I do not agree that she should step down from her post. GMA resigning would mean that the no-brainer Noli de Castro will be the 15th President of the pitiful Philippine Republic – and that’s the last thing I would dream of. But if the Filipinos would prefer to add another episode to the never-ending EDSA Revolution series, then Mrs. Susan Roces-Poe would take over her post. What’s wrong with Noli and Susan? Noli de Castro is a well-known Lopez crony, and if he will become a president our Meralco bills will be as high as the Lotto Jackpot prize. And besides, he doesn’t have any leadership qualities nor the mind to rule a country. He being a vice-president and senator is even unacceptable. And Mrs. Poe is just the same. Let’s face it: a president should be someone with at least a college degree. Mere sales clerks are required to have such educational attainment, why not require it to the highest post on the land? The problem in this country is the fact that the electorate can easily be charmed with a ridiculous circus performance during the campaign period. Charisma will never fill our empty stomachs. So if GMA stepping down would result to Kabayan or Inday being our next president, then I think it would be a bit better to stay with GMA – unless Ping Lacson is one of the options. It’s like choosing the lesser between two (or three?) evils as they say. Yet, Mrs. Arroyo should still be responsible for the alleged cheating she did last 2004 Elections. Sorry would never do it this time (maybe because we are not as holy as God?) because anyone who committed crimes did not get away with what they did just because they apologized. I don’t know if she will ever turn into a

Annotated Bibliography Of Yeats B William Poems English Literature Essay

The importance of this book is that it contains some of the plants of poesy which were carried out by William Yeats. Arguably, the most outstanding characteristic in the book is the effort at portraying the displacement that characterized Yeats in his work, so that his plants are arranged about chronologically to underline this point of view. Works that depict him as a bard of the Celtic Twilight, resuscitating Rosicrucian symbols and fables are the most frontal. These are followed up by plants which show the displacement off from lavish romanticism. The same are exhibited by the heavy presence of incantatory beats such as â€Å" I will originate and goaˆÂ ¦ and travel to Innisfree † . The same is seen in the wordss, â€Å" as passionate and cold as the morning † . The same plants discussed supra, seem to hold been compiled to demo the multiplicity of poetic functions that Yeats plays in the book. For case, in the verse forms, A Poet to His Beloved † and, â€Å" When you are old † Yeats is seen as a lover. In Yeats ‘ work of 1931 titled, â€Å" The Remorse and Interpretation of Speech † , he comes out as a combative and grim poet of the human scruples. His grim nature is seen in the line, â€Å" I carried from my female parent ‘s uterus, a overzealous bosom. † That Yeats explores the different sides of himself is a affair which is good underscored in this book which is a myriad of aggregations. The verse forms so, as already mentioned, are diverse in subject and nature. Some of the verse forms appear spiritualistic, occultist while others appear to be clannish. Therefore, the book is non merely an interesting read in this work on the history that it contains a aggregation of Yeats ‘ poetic plants, bu t besides because it depicts him as a adult male of many chapeaus, holding many Scopess on life affairs, every bit far as these verse forms are concerned. Yeats, B. William. â€Å" Among school kids. † The Norton Anthology of Poetry. New York: WW Norton and Company, 1975. This verse form was published in 1927 and comes out as a signifier of speculation. The verse form is rich in its range as it covers assorted subjects runing from kids, to human behaviour, life in the twentieth century, the doctrine on life and life after decease, among others. This verse form is an eight-lined stanza which is to a great extent loaded with rimes and the usage of matter-of-fact linguistic communication. The verse form has been written within the context of a visitant who has walked into a schoolroom under the counsel of a sort aged nun. The importance of this verse form to this reading is that in it, the poet addresses the dynamism that has shaped and continues to determine the civil society, advancement and modernness, as opposed to the position quo ante which predated the Civil War or the Anglo Irish War. The importance of this verse form to this reading is besides seen in the fact that it betrays the political ideals that Yeats had: the verse form implicates the talker as being a senator. It is in after 1924 that Yeats served as a senator. This makes the poem sound like a verse form which was penned down after the civil war, given that it is written from the point of view of a more peaceable and politically stable Ireland. Thus, the verse form is besides instrumental as it lets the reader in into Yeats ‘ political orientation and propensities. Therefore, the many qualities Yeats had and the many Fieldss he operated in, in footings of calling are good confirmed by this verse form. The verse form has philosophical value to it. This is seen in the point where Yeats debates within himself whether or non he was destined to fall in love with the school instructor and thereby allowing readers on the philosophical argument on whether it is adult male who is acted upon, or it is adult male who acts. Yeats, B. William. A Vision. New York: Macmillan Press, 1956. This work of poesy was authored and late on, published in 1956. In it, Yeats reveals his cosmology ( or worldview ) and the belief in the supernatural. This stuff remains really utile to the reading, given that in it, the controversial nature of Yeats is made known. It is against this the ‘serviceable lunacy ‘ which was attributed to him, are made known. In A Vision, Yeats seems to be diverting from the norms of his poesy. It is against this background that most analysts have described A Vision as an oddness. A Vision is said to capture the world and kineticss which characterized the 1920s, and such, is said to hold been written against the background of the thoughts of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud which were continually doing inroads into the societal mainstream. A Vision is therefore seen to be antithetical to the disbelieving ideals which were being advanced by Marx and Freud. Therefore, it can be said that A Vision has been written in contrast to the development that had been taking topographic point at the beginning of the twentieth century. This is much seen to be true, courtesy of the mentioning of preternaturally divine cosmology in the verse form. There are elements in the verse form which are opposed to reason, equality, psychological science and the belief in advancement. Mythical, metaphorical elements, analogies and the usage of symbols and images to a great extent color the poetic work herein. Yeats, B. William and Jonathan, Allison. William Butler Yeats. 2003. This book is relevant to the survey, given that in it, the plants of Yeats are good disclosed. The book comes as a co-authorship of Yeats himself and Jonathan Allison. The book remains indispensible, given that it contains autobiography on Yeats ‘ life. The importance of this value to the reader is non merely based on the fact that it helps scholars get acquainted with the life and times of Yeats, but besides on the fact that the reader is able to grok widely, the verse forms that Yeats had penned down. This is because, like all others, all the verse forms that have been jotted down have been written within the historical context. At the same clip, the proviso of inside informations on Yeats ‘ life is instrumental in understanding the verse form since the thoughts that Yeats was conveying in poesy, had all been underpinned by his experiences and penchants, with these experiences earnestly determining his range and worldview. Second, the verse forms that are in this aggreg ation besides make the book a worthy reading. Yeats, B. William. The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats. New York: Collier Books. This book remains really of import, given that it provides an luxuriant history on the life and times of Yeats. The history of Yeats as a adult male born on June 13th, 1865 in Dublin County of Ireland, Sandymount small town, the blue background of Yeats is huffy good known. It is against this background one is able to larn of the birth, travels and experiences. The gravitation of the autobiography above is that it helps in the apprehension of Yeats ‘ plants, but besides in understanding the existent motive behind the countless plants of poesy that Yeats penned down. For case, in the verse form, â€Å" A Prayer for My Son † , one is able to derive its greater apprehension, on cognizing the fact Yeats ‘ boy was born on August 22nd, 1921, and that hence, this was a supplication that Yeats made for his boy, Michael. The same instance applies to the verse form, â€Å" A Prayer for My Daughter † which was written by Yeats to his girl Anne who was born in 1919. In about the same vena, one would derive great understanding on verse forms such as â€Å" A Man Young and Old † , when the reader appreciates the nature of the relationship that William Yeats had with Maud Gonne who was at the clip of their meeting, a 23 twelvemonth old fervent patriot and inheritress. Yeats, B. William. Poetry for Young People. Sterling Press ; August 28, 2002. This is a little volume, as an anthology of verse forms which is meant for the vernal audience. Alongside the verse forms, are commentaries which have besides been accompanied by images. The same has been to help in nurturing involvement and apprehension. This is of great importance, given that most of the immature people do non read Yeats, despite holding gone through the early classs which teach poesy. The importance of this aggregation is that it is a pudding stone of verse forms which are merriment to read. Give the interesting nature of the verse forms, discoursing the verse form among the immature becomes easy. The same picturesque and explanatory accounts have been presented to assist the instructor interact easy with his students in the poesy category. The same feature of the book helps parents and even grandparents read to their kids, and to present them ( the kids ) to the linguistic communication of poesy. The importance of this anthology is that it shows the cunning with which Yeats is able to utilize linguistic communication depending on context. For case, herein, it is obvious that Yeats descends from his complex buildings which are meant for more mature audience, to utilize simpler buildings for the younger audience. Indeed, the ability to alter the strength and grade of linguistic communication to accommodate the demands of an audience is one of the shots of adroitness and command over linguistic communication and literary devices and manners. Yeats, B. William. Yeats ‘ Poetry, Drama and Prose. New York: W. W. Norton & A ; Company, March 3, 2000. Ed. 1. This book is a aggregation of the poesy, play and essays that have been written by Yeats. The importance of this book is that it does non merely do known the major parts in poesy, play, prose fiction and autobiography, but besides criticisms which have been leveled at Yeats and these plants. The criticisms herein are luxuriant, taking a volume of 24 interpretive essays which have been written by different seasoned writers and poets such as Douglas Archibald, Lucy McDiarmid, Thomas Parkinson and Daniel Albright, among others.

Building a Bridge to the 18th C

Chapter one and two of the book â€Å"Building a bridge to the 18th Century† by Postman Neil is talking about the progress of man through the time he has inhabited the earth and what has been the catapulting force to great heights that has seen him achieve much in little time.Progress is described as a brainchild of enlightment which then releases vitality and inspiring confidence like the one that is seen in the 18th century. Much of what is seen as great achievement of 20th century is as a result of great work and thinking of people in the middle ages. This then transfers enormous credit to the philosophers and scientists in middle ages for starting the progress back then.The 18th century has been depicted as a period of great thinkers who invented things virtually in all spheres of life and for mankind to progress; the answer does not lie in the future or the current times but going back to that great century.The progress being advocated for is scientific or technological a dvancement which requires no moral authority as opposed to moral progress that can be attributed to enlightment coupled with poetic imagination.The two forms of progress happen concurrently and it is hard to separate them throughout the ages that man has sought to tread in footsteps of enlightment.The idea of rationality, materialism and deconstruction have been discussed at length but not well understood owing to the fact they are mainly articulated from a Christian perspective of philosophers who were mainly Christians.Therefore their fundamental understanding of rationality is through idealism advanced in those times of insurgency and revolt against the orthodox running of the Christian faith. It follows that rationality has radical expression through progress.ReferencePostman, N. (1999). Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century: Ideas from the Past That Can Improve Our Future. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Incorporated